Gambling is an activity in which people place bets with money or something else of value on the outcome of a game of chance, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result depends on luck. Despite this simple definition, gambling encompasses many activities that are viewed differently by different observers. These differences stem from a variety of world views and paradigms that are influenced by disciplinary training, experience, and special interests. These different paradigms and world views also affect how research scientists, psychiatrists, other treatment care clinicians, and public policy makers frame questions about gambling.
In the past, some of these different views about gambling have led to a variety of theories and explanations for why some people engage in risky gambling behaviors. For example, one theory is that individuals entertain the risk of monetary loss for the positive reinforcement that comes from states of high arousal and novelty-seeking. Other researchers, such as Zuckerman and Cloninger, have argued that gambling may be a manifestation of a generalized predisposition to seek sensations and experiences that are complex or varied.
Psychiatric researchers have attempted to develop a set of criteria that would distinguish pathological gambling from other types of gambling. These criteria were incorporated into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (called DSM) in 1980, and have been revised several times since then. The current criteria for pathological gambling include a desire to make a profit, a persistent urge to gamble despite negative consequences, preoccupation with gambling, tolerance of losing, and withdrawal symptoms when gambling is stopped.
In addition to these psychiatric indicators, it is important to consider the economics of gambling. Gambling is a global industry that is dominated by major casinos and other gaming venues that operate as businesses. These gambling businesses need to generate large profits in order to attract customers and sustain their operations. Therefore, they employ a variety of employees, including dealers, odds compilers, and marketing professionals.
Individuals who are struggling with gambling addiction can receive help and support from a number of organizations that offer assistance, therapy, and counselling. For example, family therapy and marriage, career, and credit counseling can help address the underlying issues that are fueling gambling addiction. Additionally, it is important to seek treatment for mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, which can trigger and worsen problem gambling. In addition, seeking out support from family and friends can provide a sense of community and help you feel less alone. In addition to professional treatment, it is important to create boundaries in managing money. If your loved one is struggling with gambling, setting limits on spending can help keep their money and debt from spiralling out of control. In addition, avoiding gambling websites and social media can reduce temptation. Finally, it is helpful to find healthy ways to self-soothe unpleasant feelings and relieve boredom, such as exercising, spending time with friends who do not gamble, or practicing relaxation techniques. In this way, you can build healthy coping skills to replace those associated with gambling addiction.